mathematics | ˌmaθ(ə)ˈmatɪks |
plural noun [usually treated as singular]
the abstract science of number, quantity, and space, either as abstract concepts (pure mathematics), or as applied to other disciplines such as physics and engineering (applied mathematics): a taste for mathematics.
  • [often treated as plural] the mathematical aspects of something: James immerses himself in the mathematics of baseball.
  • origin
    mid 16th century: plural of obsolete mathematic ‘mathematics’, from Old French mathematique, from Latin (ars) mathematica ‘mathematical (art)’, from Greek mathēmatikē (epistēmē), from the base of manthanein ‘learn’.
    artifice | ˈɑːtɪfɪs |
    noun [mass noun]
    clever or cunning devices or expedients, especially as used to trick or deceive others: an industry dominated by artifice | [count noun] : the style is not free from the artifices of the period.
    origin
    early 16th century (in the sense ‘workmanship’): from Anglo-Norman French, from Latin artificium, based on ars, art- ‘art’ + facere ‘make’. Late Middle English has the form artificie, directly from Latin.

    We are a reading group based at Utrecht University interested in the historical, philosophical, and contemporary aspects of mathematics.

    Upcoming session(s)

    Previous sessions

    References - Computation

    Chaitin, Gregory J.. 2006. Meta Math! the Quest for Omega

    Chaitin, Gregory J.. 2006. Meta Math! the Quest for Omega. 1. Vintage Books ed. A Peter N. Névraumont Book. New York: Vintage Books.

    Church, Alonzo. 1940. “A Formulation of the Simple Theory of Types”

    Church, Alonzo. 1940. “A Formulation of the Simple Theory of Types”. The Journal of Symbolic Logic 5 (2): 56–68. https://doi.org/10.2307/2266170.

    Church, Alonzo. 1941. The Calculi of Lambda Conversion

    Church, Alonzo. 1941. The Calculi of Lambda Conversion. Annals of Mathematics Studies 6. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Curry, H. B.. 1934. “Functionality in Combinatory Logic”

    Curry, H. B.. 1934. “Functionality in Combinatory Logic”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 20 (11): 584–90. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.20.11.584.

    Curry, Haskell B., and Robert Feys. 1958. Combinatory logic

    Curry, Haskell B., and Robert Feys. 1958. Combinatory logic. Vol. I. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company.

    Gandy, Robin. 1980. “Church's Thesis and Principles for Mechanisms”

    Gandy, Robin. 1980. “Church's Thesis and Principles for Mechanisms”. In The Kleene Symposium: Proceedings of the Symposium Held June 18-24, 1978 at Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A, edited by Jon Barwise, H. Jerome Keisler, and Kenneth Kunen, 123–48. Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics 101. Amsterdam ; New York: North-Holland Publishing Company.

    Goldstine, Herman H, and John Von Neumann. 1947. “Planning and coding of problems for an electronic computing instrument: report on the mathematical and logical aspects of an electronic computing instrument”

    Goldstine, Herman H, and John Von Neumann. 1947. “Planning and coding of problems for an electronic computing instrument: report on the mathematical and logical aspects of an electronic computing instrument”. Princeton, NJ: Institute for Advanced Study.

    Grier, David Alan. 2005. When Computers Were Human

    Grier, David Alan. 2005. When Computers Were Human. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Howard, William Alvin. 1980. “The Formulae-as-types Notion of Construction”

    Howard, William Alvin. 1980. “The Formulae-as-types Notion of Construction”. In To H.B. Curry: Essays on Combinatory Logic, Lambda Calculus, and Formalism, edited by J. Roger Hindley and J. P. Seldin. London ; New York: Academic Press.

    Kleene, Stephen Cole. 1936. “𝝀-definability and Recursiveness”

    Kleene, Stephen Cole. 1936. “𝝀-definability and Recursiveness”. Duke Mathematical Journal 2 (2): 340–53. https://doi.org/10.1215/S0012-7094-36-00227-2.

    References - Probabilities

    Carnap, Rudolf. 1962. Logical Foundation of Probability

    Carnap, Rudolf. 1962. Logical Foundation of Probability. Second edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Coumet, Ernest. 1970. “La Théorie Du Hasard Est-elle Née Par Hasard?”

    Coumet, Ernest. 1970. “La Théorie Du Hasard Est-elle Née Par Hasard?”. Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 25 (3): 574–98. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27577583.

    Hacking, Ian. 1990. The Taming of Chance

    Hacking, Ian. 1990. The Taming of Chance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Hacking, Ian. 2007. The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas About Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference

    Hacking, Ian. 2007. The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas About Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Keynes, John Maynard. 1921. A Treatise on Probability

    Keynes, John Maynard. 1921. A Treatise on Probability. London: MacMillan and Co..

    References - Constructivism

    Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan. 2005. “Mathematics, Science, and Language”

    Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan. 2005. “Mathematics, Science, and Language”. In From Kant to Hilbert: A Source Book in the Foundations of Mathematics, edited by William Bragg Ewald, 2:1170–85. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.

    Heyting, Arend. 1930. “Die Formalen Regeln Der Intuitionistischen Logik I”

    Heyting, Arend. 1930. “Die Formalen Regeln Der Intuitionistischen Logik I”. Sitzungsberichte Der Preussischen Akademie Der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, , no. 2: 42–56.

    Heyting, Arend. 1930. “Sur La Logique Intuitionniste”

    Heyting, Arend. 1930. “Sur La Logique Intuitionniste”. Bulletin De La Classe Des Sciences, Académie Royale de Belgique, , no. 16: 957–63.

    Heyting, Arend. 1934. Mathematische grundlagenforschung, intuitionismus, beweistheorie

    Heyting, Arend. 1934. Mathematische grundlagenforschung, intuitionismus, beweistheorie. Reprint der Ausg. Berlin 1934. Ergebnisse der mathematik und ihrer grenzgebiete, 3,4. Berlin: Springer.

    Heyting, Arend. 1956. Intuitionism: An Introduction

    Heyting, Arend. 1956. Intuitionism: An Introduction. Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company.

    Kleene, Stephen Cole. 1945. “On the Interpretation of Intuitionistic Number Theory”

    Kleene, Stephen Cole. 1945. “On the Interpretation of Intuitionistic Number Theory”. Journal of Symbolic Logic 10 (4): 109–24. https://doi.org/10.2307/2269016.

    Reading List

    Badiou, Alain. 2009. Logics of Worlds: Being and Event II

    Badiou, Alain. 2009. Logics of Worlds: Being and Event II. London ; New York: Continuum.

    Bühlmann, Vera. 2019. Mathematics and Information in the Philosophy of Michel Serres

    Bühlmann, Vera. 2019. Mathematics and Information in the Philosophy of Michel Serres. Michel Serres and Material Futures. Bloomsbury Academic.

    Daylight, Edgar G.. 2011. “Dijkstra's Rallying Cry for Generalization: The Advent of the Recursive Procedure, Late 1950s–early 1960s”

    Daylight, Edgar G.. 2011. “Dijkstra's Rallying Cry for Generalization: The Advent of the Recursive Procedure, Late 1950s–early 1960s”. The Computer Journal 54 (11): 1756–72. https://academic.oup.com/comjnl/article/54/11/1756/351414/Dijkstra-s-Rallying-Cry-for-Generalization-The.

    Detlefsen, Michael. 1990. “Brouwerian Intuitionism”

    Detlefsen, Michael. 1990. “Brouwerian Intuitionism”. Mind, New Series, 99 (396): 501–34.

    Detlefsen, Michael. 1993. “Poincaré Vs. Russell on the Rôle of Logic in Mathematicst”

    Detlefsen, Michael. 1993. “Poincaré Vs. Russell on the Rôle of Logic in Mathematicst”. Philosophia Mathematica 1 (1): 24–49. https://doi.org/10.1093/philmat/1.1.24.

    Ernst, Wolfgang. 2010. “Cultural Archive Versus Technomathematical Storage”

    Ernst, Wolfgang. 2010. “Cultural Archive Versus Technomathematical Storage”. In The Archive in Motion, edited by Eivind Røssaak, 53–73. Oslo: Novus Press.

    Fazi, Beatrice. 2016. “Incomputable Aesthetics: Open Axioms of Contingency”

    Fazi, Beatrice. 2016. “Incomputable Aesthetics: Open Axioms of Contingency”. Computational Culture, no. 5. http://computationalculture.net/incomputable-aesthetics-open-axioms-of-contingency/.

    Fazi, M. Beatrice. 2018. Contingent Computation: Abstraction, Experience, and Indeterminacy in Computational Aesthetics

    Fazi, M. Beatrice. 2018. Contingent Computation: Abstraction, Experience, and Indeterminacy in Computational Aesthetics. Media Philosophy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield International.

    Fazi, M. Beatrice. 2019. “Digital Aesthetics: The Discrete and the Continuous”

    Fazi, M. Beatrice. 2019. “Digital Aesthetics: The Discrete and the Continuous”. Theory, Culture & Society 36 (1): 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276418770243.

    Frege, Gottlob. 1948. “Sense and Reference”

    Frege, Gottlob. 1948. “Sense and Reference”. The Philosophical Review 57 (3): 209. https://doi.org/10.2307/2181485.

    Galloway, Alexander R.. 2019. “Are Algorithms Biased?”

    Galloway, Alexander R.. 2019. “Are Algorithms Biased?”. January 26, 2019. http://cultureandcommunication.org/galloway/are-algorithms-biased.

    Galloway, Alexander R.. 2019. “Mathification”

    Galloway, Alexander R.. 2019. “Mathification”. Diacritics 47 (1): 96–115. https://doi.org/10.1353/dia.2019.0013.

    Galloway, Alexander R.. 2021. “The Gender of Math”

    Galloway, Alexander R.. 2021. “The Gender of Math”. Differences 32 (3): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1215/10407391-9479681.

    Gandy, Robin. 1995. “The Confluence of Ideas in 1936”

    Gandy, Robin. 1995. “The Confluence of Ideas in 1936”. In The Universal Turing Machine: A Half-century Survey, edited by Rolf Herken, 2nd ed., 51–102. Oxford Science Publications. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Garber, Daniel, and Sandy Zabell. 1979. “On the Emergence of Probability”

    Garber, Daniel, and Sandy Zabell. 1979. “On the Emergence of Probability”. Archive for History of Exact Sciences 21 (1): 33–53. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41133550.

    Gauthier, David. 2017. “On Commands and Executions: Tyrants, Spectres and Vagabonds”

    Gauthier, David. 2017. “On Commands and Executions: Tyrants, Spectres and Vagabonds”. In Executing Practices, edited by Helen Pritchard, Eric Snodgrass, and Magda Tyźlik-Carver, 63–76. DATA Browser 06. Autonomedia.

    Gauthier, David. 2018. “Machine language and the illegibility of the zwischen”

    Gauthier, David. 2018. “Machine language and the illegibility of the zwischen”. In Legibility in the age of signs and machines, edited by Pepita Hesselberth, Janna Houwen, Esther Peeren, and Ruby de Vos, 33:147–65. Thamyris. Leiden: Brill ; Rodopi.

    Girard, Jean-Yves, Yves Lafont, and Paul Taylor. 1989. Proofs and Types

    Girard, Jean-Yves, Yves Lafont, and Paul Taylor. 1989. Proofs and Types. Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science 7. Cambridge [England] ; New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Guattari, Félix. 1995. “On Machines”

    Guattari, Félix. 1995. “On Machines”. Edited by Andrew Benjamin. Complexity: Architecture, Art, Philosophy, Journal of Philosophy and the Visual Arts, , no. 6: 96.

    Kittler, Friedrich. 2006. “Thinking Colours And/or Machines”

    Kittler, Friedrich. 2006. “Thinking Colours And/or Machines”. Theory, Culture & Society 23 (7-8): 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276406069881.

    Kittler, Friedrich A.. 2009. “Towards an Ontology of Media”

    Kittler, Friedrich A.. 2009. “Towards an Ontology of Media”. Theory, Culture & Society 26 (2-3): 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276409103106.

    Kittler, Friedrich A.. 2014. “There Is No Software”

    Kittler, Friedrich A.. 2014. “There Is No Software”. In The Truth of the Technological World: Essays on the Genealogy of Presence, translated by Erik Butler, 219–29. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

    Knuth, Donald E.. 1991. “Theory and Practice”

    Knuth, Donald E.. 1991. “Theory and Practice”. Theoretical Computer Science 90 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(91)90295-D.

    References - Proof Theory

    Bruijn, de, Nicolaas G.. 1968. Automath : A Language for Mathematics

    Bruijn, de, Nicolaas G.. 1968. Automath : A Language for Mathematics. EUT Report. WSK, Dept. Of Mathematics and Computing Science. Eindhoven: Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven.

    Gentzen, Gerhard. 1935. “Untersuchungen über das logische schließen. I”

    Gentzen, Gerhard. 1935. “Untersuchungen über das logische schließen. I”. Mathematische zeitschrift 39 (1): 176–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01201353.

    Gentzen, Gerhard. 1935. “Untersuchungen über das logische schließen. II”

    Gentzen, Gerhard. 1935. “Untersuchungen über das logische schließen. II”. Mathematische zeitschrift 39 (1): 405–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01201363.

    Gentzen, Gerhard. 1936. “Die widerspruchsfreiheit der reinen zahlentheorie”

    Gentzen, Gerhard. 1936. “Die widerspruchsfreiheit der reinen zahlentheorie”. Mathematische annalen 112 (1): 493–565. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01565428.

    Girard, Jean-Yves. 1972. “Interprétation Fonctionnelle Et Élimination Des Coupures De L'arithmétique D'ordre Supérieur”

    Girard, Jean-Yves. 1972. “Interprétation Fonctionnelle Et Élimination Des Coupures De L'arithmétique D'ordre Supérieur”. Thèse de Doctorat d'État. Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7.

    Girard, Jean-Yves. 2011. “La Syntaxe Transcendantale, Manifeste”

    Girard, Jean-Yves. 2011. “La Syntaxe Transcendantale, Manifeste”. https://girard.perso.math.cnrs.fr/syntran.pdf.

    Girard, Jean-Yves. 2016. Le Fantôme De La Transparence

    Girard, Jean-Yves. 2016. Le Fantôme De La Transparence. Paris: Éditions Allia.

    Girard, Jean-Yves. 2017. “Transcendental Syntax I: Deterministic Case”

    Girard, Jean-Yves. 2017. “Transcendental Syntax I: Deterministic Case”. Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 27 (5): 827–49. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960129515000407.

    Girard, Jean-Yves. 2018. “La Logique 2.0”

    Girard, Jean-Yves. 2018. “La Logique 2.0”. https://girard.perso.math.cnrs.fr/logique2.0.pdf.

    Kant, Immanuel. 1998. Critique of Pure Reason

    Kant, Immanuel. 1998. Critique of Pure Reason. Edited by Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9780511804649.

    Kleene, Stephen Cole. 1952. Introduction to metamathematics

    Kleene, Stephen Cole. 1952. Introduction to metamathematics. Amsterdam; Groningen: North-Holland Publishing Company; P. Noordhoff N.V..

    References - Foundations

    Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan. 1907. Over De Grondslagen Der Wiskunde

    Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan. 1907. Over De Grondslagen Der Wiskunde. Amsterdam ; Leipzig: Maas & Van Suchtelen.

    Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan. 1908. “De Onbetrouwbaarheid Der Logische Principes”

    Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan. 1908. “De Onbetrouwbaarheid Der Logische Principes”. Tijdschrift Voor Wijsbegeerte, no. 2: 152–58.

    Cantor, Georg. 1874. “Ueber Eine Eigenschaft Des Inbegriffs Aller Reellen Algebraischen Zahlen”

    Cantor, Georg. 1874. “Ueber Eine Eigenschaft Des Inbegriffs Aller Reellen Algebraischen Zahlen”. Journal Für Die Reine Und Angewandte Mathematik 77: 258–62. http://eudml.org/doc/148238.

    Church, Alonzo. 1932. “A Set of Postulates for the Foundation of Logic”

    Church, Alonzo. 1932. “A Set of Postulates for the Foundation of Logic”. The Annals of Mathematics 33 (2): 346. https://doi.org/10.2307/1968337.

    Church, Alonzo. 1936. “An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory”

    Church, Alonzo. 1936. “An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory”. American Journal of Mathematics 58 (2): 345–63. https://doi.org/10.2307/2371045.

    Church, Alonzo. 1937. “Review: A. M. turing, on computable numbers, with an application to the entscheidungsproblem”

    Church, Alonzo. 1937. “Review: A. M. turing, on computable numbers, with an application to the entscheidungsproblem”. Journal of symbolic logic 2 (1): 42–43. https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.jsl/1183142191.

    Church, Alonzo, and J. Barkley Rosser. 1936. “Some Properties of Conversion”

    Church, Alonzo, and J. Barkley Rosser. 1936. “Some Properties of Conversion”. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 39 (3): 472–72. https://doi.org/10.1090/S0002-9947-1936-1501858-0.

    Dedekind, Richard. 1888. Was sind und was sollen die zahlen?

    Dedekind, Richard. 1888. Was sind und was sollen die zahlen?. Braunschweig: Vieweg.

    Dedekind, Richard. 2017. “Was sind und was sollen die zahlen?”

    Dedekind, Richard. 2017. “Was sind und was sollen die zahlen?”. In Richard dedekind: was sind und was sollen die zahlen?: stetigkeit und irrationale zahlen, edited by Stefan Müller-Stach, 49–109. Klassische texte der wissenschaft. Berlin: Springer Spektrum.

    Frege, Gottlob. 1879. Begriffsschrift: Eine Der Arithmetischen Nachgebildete Formelsprache Des Reinen Denkens

    Frege, Gottlob. 1879. Begriffsschrift: Eine Der Arithmetischen Nachgebildete Formelsprache Des Reinen Denkens. Halle a/S.: Louis Nebert.

    Frege, Gottlob. 1884. Die Grundlagen Der Arithmetik: Eine Logisch-mathematische Untersuchung Über Den Begriff Der Zahl

    Frege, Gottlob. 1884. Die Grundlagen Der Arithmetik: Eine Logisch-mathematische Untersuchung Über Den Begriff Der Zahl. Breslau: Wilhelm Koebner.

    Frege, Gottlob. 1892. “Über Sinn Und Bedeutung”

    Frege, Gottlob. 1892. “Über Sinn Und Bedeutung”. Zeitschrift Für Philosophie Und Philosophische Kritik 100: 25–50.

    Frege, Gottlob. 1893. Grundgesetze Der Arithmetik / Begriffsschriftlich Abgeleitet

    Frege, Gottlob. 1893. Grundgesetze Der Arithmetik / Begriffsschriftlich Abgeleitet. Vol. 1. Jena: Hermann Pohl.

    Frege, Gottlob. 1903. Grundgesetze Der Arithmetik / Begriffsschriftlich Abgeleitet

    Frege, Gottlob. 1903. Grundgesetze Der Arithmetik / Begriffsschriftlich Abgeleitet. Vol. 2. Jena: Hermann Pohl.

    Frege, Gottlob. 1960. The Foundation of Arithmetic: A Logico-mathematical Enquiry into the Concept of Number

    Frege, Gottlob. 1960. The Foundation of Arithmetic: A Logico-mathematical Enquiry into the Concept of Number. Translated by J. L. Austin. 2nd ed. New York: Harper & Brothers.

    Gödel, Kurt. 1931. “Über formal unentscheidbare sätze der principia mathematica und verwandter systeme I”

    Gödel, Kurt. 1931. “Über formal unentscheidbare sätze der principia mathematica und verwandter systeme I”. Monatshefte für mathematik und physik 38 (1): 173–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01700692.

    Gödel, Kurt. 1933. “Zur Intuitionistischen Arithmetik Und Zahlentheorie”

    Gödel, Kurt. 1933. “Zur Intuitionistischen Arithmetik Und Zahlentheorie”. In Ergebnisse Eines Mathematischen Kolloquiums, 4:34–38.

    Gödel, Kurt. 1944. “Russell's Mathematical Logic”

    Gödel, Kurt. 1944. “Russell's Mathematical Logic”. In The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell, edited by Paul Arthur Schilpp. Vol. V. Library of Living Philosophers. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.

    Gödel, Kurt. 1965. “On Intuitionistic Arithmetic and Number Theory”

    Gödel, Kurt. 1965. “On Intuitionistic Arithmetic and Number Theory”. In The Undecidable: Basic Papers on Undecidable Propositions, Unsolvable Problems, and Computable Functions, edited by Martin Davis, 75–81. Dover Books on Mathematics. Hewlett, NY: Raven Press.

    Gödel, Kurt. 1986. Collected Works

    Gödel, Kurt. 1986. Collected Works. Edited by Solomon Feferman. Vol. I. Oxford : New York: Clarendon Press ; Oxford University Press.

    Gödel, Kurt. 1986. “On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principa Mathematica and Related System I”

    Gödel, Kurt. 1986. “On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principa Mathematica and Related System I”. In Collected Works, edited by Solomon Feferman, John W. Jr. Dawson, Stephen C. Kleene, Gregory H. Moore, Robert M. Soloway, and Jean Van Heijenoort, Vol. I: Publications 1929-1936:145–99. Oxford : New York: Clarendon Press ; Oxford University Press.

    Hilbert, David. 1899. “Grundlagen Der Geometrie”

    Hilbert, David. 1899. “Grundlagen Der Geometrie”. In Festschrift Zur Feier Der Enthüllung Des Gauss-weber-denkmals in Göttingen, 1–92. Leipzig: Teubner.

    Hilbert, David. 1900. “Mathematische Probleme”

    Hilbert, David. 1900. “Mathematische Probleme”. Nachrichten Von Der Königl. Gesellschaft Der Wissenschaften Zu Göttingen-mathematisch-physikalische Klasse, 253–97.

    Hilbert, David. 1902. “Mathematical Problems”

    Hilbert, David. 1902. “Mathematical Problems”. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 8 (10): 437–79.

    Hilbert, David. 1922. “Neubegründung Der Mathematik. Erste Mitteilung”

    Hilbert, David. 1922. “Neubegründung Der Mathematik. Erste Mitteilung”. Abhandlungen Aus Dem Mathematischen Seminar Der Universität Hamburg 1 (1): 157–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02940589.

    Hilbert, David. 1931. “Die Grundlegung Der Elementaren Zahlentheorie”

    Hilbert, David. 1931. “Die Grundlegung Der Elementaren Zahlentheorie”. Mathematische Annalen 104 (December): 485–94.

    Hilbert, David. 1970. David Hilbert: Gesammelte Abhandlungen

    Hilbert, David. 1970. David Hilbert: Gesammelte Abhandlungen. Zweite Auflage. Vol. 3: Analysis, Grundlagen der Mathematik Physik, Verschiedenes Lenesgeschichte. Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York: Springer.

    Hilbert, David. 1970. “Neubegründung Der Mathematik. Erste Mitteilung”

    Hilbert, David. 1970. “Neubegründung Der Mathematik. Erste Mitteilung”. In David Hilbert: Gesammelte Abhandlungen, Zweite Auflage, 3: Analysis, Grundlagen der Mathematik Physik, Verschiedenes Lenesgeschichte:157–77. Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York: Springer.

    Hilbert, David. 2005. “The Grounding of Elementary Number Theory”

    Hilbert, David. 2005. “The Grounding of Elementary Number Theory”. In From Kant to Hilbert: A Source Book in the Foundations of Mathematics, edited by William Bragg Ewald, 2:1148–57. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.

    Hilbert, David, W. Ackermann, and Robert E. Luce. 1999. Principles of Mathematical Logic

    Hilbert, David, W. Ackermann, and Robert E. Luce. 1999. Principles of Mathematical Logic. Providence, R.I: AMS Chelsea.

    Hilbert, David, and Paul Bernays. 1934. Grundlagen der mathematik I

    Hilbert, David, and Paul Bernays. 1934. Grundlagen der mathematik I. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Hilbert, David, and Paul Bernays. 1939. Grundlagen der mathematik II

    Hilbert, David, and Paul Bernays. 1939. Grundlagen der mathematik II. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Hilbert, David, and W. Ackermann. 1928. Grundzüge Der Theoretischen Logik

    Hilbert, David, and W. Ackermann. 1928. Grundzüge Der Theoretischen Logik. Die Grundlehren Der Mathematischen Wissenschaften in Einzeldarstellungen. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Hilbert, David, and W. Ackermann. 1972. Grundzüge Der Theoretischen Logik

    Hilbert, David, and W. Ackermann. 1972. Grundzüge Der Theoretischen Logik. 6. Aufl. Die Grundlehren Der Mathematischen Wissenschaften in Einzeldarstellungen, Bd. 27. Berlin: Springer.

    Husserl, Edmund. 1900. Logische Untersuchungen: Prolegomena Zur Reinen Logik

    Husserl, Edmund. 1900. Logische Untersuchungen: Prolegomena Zur Reinen Logik. Vol. I. Halle a/S.: M. Niemeyer.

    Husserl, Edmund. 1901. Logische Untersuchungen: Untersuchungen Zur Phänomenologie Und Theorie Der Erkenntnis

    Husserl, Edmund. 1901. Logische Untersuchungen: Untersuchungen Zur Phänomenologie Und Theorie Der Erkenntnis. Vol. II. Halle a/S.: M. Niemeyer.

    Husserl, Edmund. 1929. Formale Und Transzendentale Logik: Versuch Einer Kritik Der Logischen Vernunft

    Husserl, Edmund. 1929. Formale Und Transzendentale Logik: Versuch Einer Kritik Der Logischen Vernunft. Vol. I. Halle a/S.: M. Niemeyer.